. The heart rate slows . Thus, K-complexes might serve as a bridge to higher levels of arousal in response to what is going on in our environments (Halsz, 1993; Steriade & Amzica, 1998). Narcoleptic episodes take on other features of REM sleep. Meditationis the act of focusing on a single target (such as the breath or a repeated sound) to increase awareness of the moment. Neurogenic shock is caused by damage to the central nervous system, usually a spinal cord injury. Given the average life expectancy for U.S. citizens falls between 73 and 79 years old (Singh & Siahpush, 2006), we can expect to spend approximately 25 years of our lives sleeping. Surprisingly, sleep apnea may exacerbate cardiovascular disease (Snchez-de-la-Torre, Campos-Rodriguez, & Barb, 2012). Many of these drugs, and their relationships, are shown inTable 4.2. Some people might turn to over-the-counter (OTC) or prescribed sleep medications to help them sleep, but this should be done sparingly because many sleep medications result in dependence and alter the nature of the sleep cycle, and they can increase insomnia over time. Complete the following multiple choice quiz covering chapters 1, 6, and 9. People vary in terms of their ability to be hypnotized, but a review of available research suggests that most people are at least moderately hypnotizable (Kihlstrom, 2013). It was getting to the point where it was kind of scary (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). With repeated use of many central nervous system depressants, such as alcohol, a person becomes physically dependent upon the substance and will exhibit signs of both tolerance and withdrawal. (credit: modification of work by Mikael Hggstrm). 3. If you lie down to take a nap and fall asleep very easily, chances are you may have sleep debt. In fact, abuse of prescription opioid medications is becoming a major concern worldwide (Aquina, Marques-Baptista, Bridgeman, & Merlin, 2009; Casati, Sedefov, & Pfeiffer-Gerschel, 2012). Describe the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders, Identify the neurotransmitter systems impacted by various categories of drugs, Describe how different categories of drugs affect behavior and experience, Understand the similarities and differences of hypnosis and meditation. Psychological dependence, or drug craving, is a recent addition to the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder in DSM-5. Night terrors apparently occur during the NREM phase of sleep (Provini, Tinuper, Bisulli, & Lagaresi, 2011). Heroin produces intense feelings of euphoria and pleasure, which are amplified when the heroin is injected intravenously. Loss of appetite. This is similar to the kind of paralysis experienced by healthy individuals during REM sleep (Burgess & Scammell, 2012; Hishikawa & Shimizu, 1995; Luppi et al., 2011). Consider a patient who believed that as a result of his sleep apnea he had three car accidents in six weeks. For individuals who are especially open to the power of suggestion, hypnosis can prove to be a very effective technique, and brain imaging studies have demonstrated that hypnotic states are associated with global changes in brain functioning (Del Casale et al., 2012; Guldenmund, Vanhaudenhuyse, Boly, Laureys, & Soddu, 2012). Ahallucinogenis one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences (Figure 4.18). The different stages of sleep will be identified, and sleep disorders will be described. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, andinsomnia(i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a months time) (Roth, 2007). In such instances, the individuals schedule changes so frequently that it becomes difficult for a normal circadian rhythm to be maintained. It may seem counterintuitive that stimulant medications are prescribed to treat a disorder that involves hyperactivity, but the therapeutic effect comes from increases in neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control. You don't have to be a psychologist to know that conditions like hunger or fatigue have an impact on thinking and decision-making; these are examples of internal states. The crisis actually began in the 1990s, when pharmaceutical companies began mass-marketing pain-relieving opioid drugs like OxyContin with the promise (now known to be false) that they were non-addictive. Disorganized Thinking. Tolerance can cause the user to increase the amount of drug used to a dangerous leveleven to the point of overdose and death. Awareness of internal stimuli includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions. Has something like this ever happened to you? Variations and adaptations in cognition and behavior make individuals more or less successful in reproducing and passing their genes to their offspring. To keep heroin affordable, many dealers began adding more potent synthetic opioids including fentanyl and carfentanyl to increase the effects of heroin. While caffeine may have some indirect effects on dopamine neurotransmission, its primary mechanism of action involves antagonizing adenosine activity (Porkka-Heiskanen, 2011). When we are very young, we spend up to 16 hours a day sleeping. Whilecaffeineis generally considered a relatively safe drug, high blood levels of caffeine can result in insomnia, agitation, muscle twitching, nausea, irregular heartbeat, and even death (Reissig, Strain, & Griffiths, 2009; Wolt, Ganetsky, & Babu, 2012). Increased prescriptions led to greater rates of misuse, along with greater incidence of addiction, even among patients who used these drugs as prescribed. Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been demonstrated to be quite effective in treating insomnia (Savard, Simard, Ivers, & Morin, 2005; Williams, Roth, Vatthauer, & McCrae, 2013). Some animals never sleep (e.g., some fish and amphibian species); other animals sleep very little without apparent negative consequences (e.g., giraffes); yet some animals (e.g., rats) die after two weeks of sleep deprivation (Siegel, 2008). In individuals diagnosed with a substance use disorder, there is a compulsive pattern of drug use that is often associated with both physical and psychological dependence. The following morning, he awoke to barking dogs and unfamiliar voices from downstairs. Cognitive-behavioral therapyis a type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors. PSY-352 Topic 2 Quiz 1 Online - GetMyAnswers.com PSY-352 Health Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet This becomes a self-perpetuating cycle because increased anxiety leads to increased arousal, and higher levels of arousal make the prospect of falling asleep even more unlikely. While hypnosis is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform meditation alone. Anopioidis one of a category of drugs that includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine. (credit a: modification of work by Jim Epler; credit b: modification of work by Caleb Roenigk), video about circadian rhythms and how they affect sleep, video that gives sleep tips for college students, video about the relationship between sleep and memory, instructional video about using Buddhist meditation techniques to alleviate stress, video about the results of a brain imaging study in individuals who underwent specific mindfulness meditative techniques, https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Cocaine, amphetamines (including some ADHD medications such as Adderall), methamphetamines, MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly), Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature. Homeostatic regulation of sleep is evidenced by sleep rebound following sleep deprivation. How does hypnosis work? (Jayanthi & Ramamoorthy, 2005; Rothman, Blough, & Baumann, 2007). Watch this, Sleep, which we all experience, is a quiet and mysterious pause in our daily lives. Until recently, the United States Department of Justice routinely arrested people involved and seized marijuana used in medicinal settings. Asleep spindleis a rapid burst of higher frequency brain waves that may be important for learning and memory (Fogel & Smith, 2011; Poe, Walsh, & Bjorness, 2010). Historically, somnambulism has been treated with a variety of pharmacotherapies ranging from benzodiazepines to antidepressants. As mentioned earlier, lack of sleep can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function. Individuals who suffer from RBD have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams. People who suffer from insomnia might limit their use of stimulant drugs (such as caffeine) or increase their amount of physical exercise during the day. While we all experience altered states of consciousness in the form of sleep on a regular basis, some people use drugs and other substances that result in altered states of consciousness as well. Module 4: Mood Disorders - Washington State University Stage 3is often referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep because this stage is characterized by low frequency (less than 3 Hz), high amplitudedelta waves(Figure 4.10). These changes in brain wave activity can be visualized using EEG and are distinguished from one another by both the frequency and amplitude of brain waves (Figure 4.7). Unlike the other sleep disorders described in this section, a person withnarcolepsycannot resist falling asleep at inopportune times. While there are variations, there are four parts that appear consistent in bringing people into the state of suggestibility associated with hypnosis (National Research Council, 1994). While people are often unaware of their sleep apnea, they are keenly aware of some of the adverse consequences of insufficient sleep. Popular portrayals of hypnosis have led to some widely-held misconceptions. As a result, many of us sleep less than 78 hours a night and accrue a sleep debt. While we certainly welcome the convenience of having the darkness lit up, we also suffer the consequences of reduced amounts of sleep because we are more active during the nighttime hours than our ancestors were. Whether lark, owl, or somewhere in between, there are situations in which a persons circadian clock gets out of synchrony with the external environment. Few people in the United States remain untouched by the recent opioid epidemic. It is also common for these types of drugs to cause hallucinations of body sensations (e.g., feeling as if you are a giant) and a skewed perception of the passage of time. Acute alcohol administration results in a variety of changes to consciousness. Sleep apneais defined by episodes during which a sleepers breathing stops. These initiatives include increasing access to treatment and recovery services, increasing access to overdose-reversal drugs like Naloxone, and implementing better public health monitoring systems (NIDA, 2019). In addition to withdrawal, many individuals who are diagnosed with substance use disorders will also develop tolerance to these substances. Which of the following is true regarding patient adherence: d - all of the above (a - the average adherence rate for taking medication to treat acute illness is about 67%, b - adherence to taking medicine . Another theory regarding why we sleep involves sleeps importance for cognitive function and memory formation (Rattenborg, Lesku, Martinez-Gonzalez, & Lima, 2007). In her case, the fact that her cataplexy was confined to the right side of her body was quite unusual. The fifth edition of theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fifth Edition(DSM-5) is used by clinicians to diagnose individuals suffering from various psychological disorders. These will soon, in all ordinary cases, subdue the most distressing symptoms, and effect a perfect cure in a day or two. In contrast, a person who haspsychological dependencehas an emotional, rather than physical, need for the drug and may use the drug to relieve psychological distress. Although individuals suffering from night terrors appear to be awake, they generally have no memories of the events that occurred, and attempts to console them are ineffective.
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